Operating torque synthesis for fixed-shaft ball valves: seat friction, packing, thrust pad, bearing, ball weight and O-ring components. — Valve Design Manual
| Seat Friction Torque (Mm) | -- | N·mm |
| Packing Torque (Mt) | -- | N·mm |
| Thrust Pad Torque (Mu) | -- | N·mm |
| Upper Bearing Torque (Mc1) | -- | N·mm |
| Lower Bearing Torque (Mc2) | -- | N·mm |
| Total Bearing Torque (Mc) | -- | N·mm |
| Ball Weight Torque (Mz) | -- | N·mm |
| O-ring Torque (Mo) | -- | N·mm |
| Total Operating Torque (M) | -- | N·mm |